1. What is Bernoulli's Equation?

Bernoulli's equation describes the relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation in a flowing fluid. It states that the total mechanical energy of the fluid remains constant along a streamline, assuming steady, incompressible flow with no friction losses.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses Bernoulli's equation:

Where:

• \( P \) — Total pressure (Pa)
• \( \rho \) — Fluid density (kg/m³)
• \( v \) — Fluid velocity (m/s)
• \( g \) — Gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
• \( h \) — Height above reference (m)
• \( P_0 \) — Reference pressure (Pa)

Explanation: The equation accounts for dynamic pressure (velocity term), hydrostatic pressure (elevation term), and reference pressure to calculate the total pressure in the system.

3. Importance of Pressure Calculation

Details: Accurate pressure calculation is crucial for pipe system design, fluid flow analysis, pump selection, and ensuring proper operation of hydraulic systems in various engineering applications.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter fluid density in kg/m³, velocity in m/s, gravitational acceleration in m/s², height in meters, and reference pressure in Pascals. All values must be valid positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What are typical density values for common fluids?
A: Water: 1000 kg/m³, Air: 1.225 kg/m³, Oil: 800-900 kg/m³, Mercury: 13500 kg/m³

Q2: When is Bernoulli's equation applicable?
A: For steady, incompressible flow along a streamline with no energy losses due to friction, heat transfer, or shaft work.

Q3: What is the standard value for gravitational acceleration?
A: 9.81 m/s² at sea level, though it varies slightly with location and altitude.

Q4: What are common reference pressures used?
A: Atmospheric pressure (101325 Pa) is commonly used as reference pressure for open systems.

Q5: How does elevation affect pressure in a pipe?
A: Pressure decreases with increasing height due to the hydrostatic pressure term in the equation.